Administrative and Technical Difficulties Facing Basketball Referees in Libya

Abstract

ABSTRACT

This study aims to examine the administrative and technical challenges faced by basketball referees in Libya during the 2024/2025 sports season and assess their impact on officiating performance. The descriptive method was adopted, using a survey approach to collect data from a sample of 22 referees registered with the Libyan Basketball Federation across three officiating levels. A 42-item scale was employed to measure these challenges, and reliability analysis using Cronbach’s Alpha (0.818) confirmed strong internal consistency.

Findings revealed that referees encounter moderate administrative difficulties, including insufficient financial incentives, lack of developmental courses, and absence of a clear evaluation mechanism, alongside organizational issues such as delayed payments and inadequate scheduling of matches. Technical challenges were also evident, such as poor court readiness regarding flooring, lighting, and equipment, lack of essential devices like the 24-second shot clock and electronic scoreboards, and low physical fitness among some referees. Additionally, psychological pressures and crowd influence were identified as factors affecting decision-making. Statistical analysis indicated no significant correlation between administrative and technical challenges (Pearson’s r = -0.03, p = 0.897).

The study recommends implementing continuous training programs, improving financial and moral incentives, updating regulatory frameworks in line with FIBA standards, and equipping courts with modern tools to ensure high-quality officiating.