Remote Climate Monitoring Through the Utilization of Solar Energy for Meteorological Systems

Abstract

This paper addresses the meteorological data gaps in remote regions through a sustainable, low-cost IoT system powered entirely by solar energy. The system integrates an Arduino Mega 2560 with environmental sensors (temperature, humidity, pressure, wind speed/direction, solar radiation), GSM/GPS modules, and a 5W solar-LiPo power subsystem. Field validation in Libyan desert conditions demonstrated ±0.5°C temperature accuracy, ±2% humidity precision, and 98% uptime over 30 days, outperforming comparable solar IoT stations in harsh environments. The prototype is more cost-effective than commercial stations, which enables real-time climate monitoring to support agriculture and disaster management while contributing to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The obtained data showed full consistency with measurements from reliable reference devices.