Design and Implementation of Arduino-Based Measurement Devices for Smart Grid Applications

Abstract

Smart grids require accurate measurement infrastructures to support real-time monitoring, load management, and efficient power system operation. Electrical parameters such as voltage, current, frequency, power factor, and active and reactive power must be continuously measured for effective grid monitoring. This paper presents the design and implementation of a low-cost Arduino-based measurement system for smart grid applications, emphasising measurement accuracy and practical deployment. Closed-loop Hall-effect voltage and current sensors are employed to improve measurement precision and provide galvanic isolation. Signal-conditioning circuits, including level shifting and voltage regulation, adapt sensor outputs to the Arduino input. A DC calibration method is applied to voltage and current sensors to enhance accuracy and reliability. The system is experimentally validated under laboratory conditions using inductive loads, and the results are compared with reference instruments. The experimental results demonstrate acceptable accuracy across the measured parameters, confirming the suitability of the proposed system for low-cost smart grid monitoring and load management applications.